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Index >> Growth of Microorganism >> Factors Affecting Microorganisms Growth and Growth Rates

Factors Affecting Microorganisms Growth and Growth Rates

Factors Affecting Microorganisms Growth and Growth Rates - A variety of factors affect microbial growth and growth rates and these include organism; the medium composition, pH, the tempera­ture of incubation, degree of aeration etc. The effect of some of these will be briefly summarized.

Temperature - Growth can be summarized as the net result of a large number of enzymatic reactions.
Thus, the rate of growth would have a direct relationship with the rate of reactions, or to the sum rate of all reaction. It is well known that the of a reaction is a direct function of temperature.

Hence, growth can also be related with temperature with an increase in temperature, the growth rate will increase but falls abruptly at both the upper and the lower limits.

The abrupt fall in the growth rate at high temperatures is  caused by the thermal denaturation of enzymes. Every organism, therefore has a minimum, maximum and optimum temperature for growth. The maximum temperature for growth is also that temperature at which inactivation  occurs at a higher rate.
The optimum temperature for growth therefore be lower than the maximum temperature of growth

The minimum temperature represents that temperature at which measurable growth will occur. On the basis of temperature relationship, microorganism are broadly divided into three groups:
(1) the psychrophiles,
(2) the mesophiles, and
(3) the thermophiles.

Phychrophiles grow optimally at 0-5°C, mesophiles at temperatures between 20-45°C while the thermophiles grow optimal y at or above 55°C, Microorganisms have a wide range of pH optima depending upon the group or species. Many yeasts and molds and, certain bacteria grow well in acidic media (pH 5.0 or lower) while most bacteria require a pH near neutrality (6.5-8.0) for optimal growth.

The pH of the medium profoundly affects the growth of microorganism.

Since enzymes are sensitive to alterations in pH. Each organism therefore .has a minimum, optimum and maximum limit for normal growth. The growth rate is maximum at the optimum pH and becomes slower at lower or higher pH values. Oxygen Requirement - Oxygen is important for the growth of aerobic microorganisms. However, microorganisms vary, remarkably in the amount of oxygen required for optimum growth.

For example, the aerobes are dependent on the presence of oxygen while the anaerobes are sensitive to oxygen. In between there are facultative anaerobes which can grow either in the presence or in the absence of oxygen. The growth rate of each organism will depend on the optimum aeration conditions, However, increase in the degree of aeration will increase the rate of growth upto only a certain point. Thus, every organism has a need for optimal aeration for obtaining a maximal growth rate. Microaerophilic organisms need a lower concentration of oxygen in their environment for growth.

Osmotic Pressure - The maintenance of a relatively constant ionic strength within microbial cell is of great physiological significance since the stability and behaviour of enzymes is greatly influenced by this factor. All organisms do not need high sugar or salt concentration for optimal growth.

In fact, to most organisms a high sugar or salt concentration may be lethal. Microbes have the ability to grow in media with varying osmotic pressures.

However, some yeasts and molds have the capacity to grow in medium containing a high concentration of sugar (40-70 percent sucrose) and such organisms are called osmophiles. Certain bacteria of marine origin require high concentration of sodium chloride (>20 percent) for their optimal growth and termed as halophiles.

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