Microbiology Procedure
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Index >> Growth of Microorganism >> Functions of Symbiosis

Functions of Symbiosis

Functions of Symbiosis - A symbiont substitutes for part or all of the non living environment which free living organisms occupy.
The symbioses may provide to the partner any of the following benefits:
1. Protection - Endo as well as ectosymbionts living in body cavities of animals are protected from adverse environmental conditions.
These habitats protect the symbionts from dessication and in case of warm. blooded hosts, from extremes of temperature.

2. Provision of a favourable position - The association may provide one partner with a position that is favourable with respect to the supply of nutrients. Marine ciliates are attached to the body surfaces of crustaceans, where the hosts respiratory and feeding currents assure the microbe of a constant supply of food.

Other examples are favourable position provided by marine invertebrates to their photosynthetic algal symbionts.

Other cases are the thick conical protuberances on the mantle of the tridacnid clams (family Tridacnidae). Each protuberance contains one or more lenslike structures the hyaline organs made up of transparent cells.

Each hyaline organ is surrounded by a dense mass of algae. The function of the lenslike haline organ is to permit light to penetrate deeply into the mass of algae.

3. Provision of recognition Devices - Bioluminescence is widespread in animals as jellyfish, earthworms, fireflies, squid and fish. The emission of light appears to be a recognition device, promoting schooling, mating or attraction of prey.
4. Nutrition - This is the most common function. The provision of nutrients may be indirect, as in the case of fungi infecting plant roots, where they increase the water absorbing capacity of root system.

Generally, the association is direct, where the symbiont furnishes one or more essential nutrients to the partner. Some examples are, symbiotic nitrogen fixing associations; microflora of animal guts, as those eating cellulosic foods and lichens. We shall now briefly consider some specific symbiotic associations.

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