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Type I Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity

Type I Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity

This type may be life-threatening. It is characterised by anaphylaxis, a series of events in which mediators induce vigorous contractions in the body's smooth muscles. This type begins with the entry of an antigenic substance, the allergen, into the body. A wide variety of substances as bee venom, serum proteins, or drugs as penicillin may act as allergens. In case of penicillin, an allergenic complex forms between tissue proteins and a product of the drug's breakdown.

The immune system responds to the allergen, and B-Iymphocytes produce IgE. This antibody enters the circulation and fixes itself to the surface of mast cells and basophils. Mast cells are connective tissue cells, most common near blood vessels and in the respiratory ,and gastrointestinal tracts. Basophils are a type of circulating leukocyte, rich in granules. Due to accumulation of IgE on mast cells and basophils, the individual becomes sensitized. Sensitization requires usually a minimum of one week. Symptoms of anaphylaxis occur rapidly on reexposure to the allergen.

Allergen molecules unite with IgE on surfaces of sensitized cells, that are now activated. Mediators as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin are involved. Next step is degranulation of the sensitised cell, thereby releasing the mediators. Due to this effect the skin becomes swollen about the eyes, wrists, and ankles, a condition called edema. A person sensitized to an allergen may undergo desensitization, by injecting the antigens to relieve sensitivity to that antigen (allergen).

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