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Bacteria

Bacteria - They are the true prokaryotes. This group includes the true bacteria (eubacteria) and related organisms i.e. archaebacteria, blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria or oxyphotobacteria), mycoplasmas, rickettsiae and chlamydiae.

They are prokaryotes. Reproduction is by simple fission. Nutritional processes are very diverse. Many can thrive in both oxygen rich and oxygen free environments. Growth occurs over a wide range of temperatures, usually at a neutral pH they occur in almost every terrestrial and aquatic environment.

Archaebacteria have following features (in common) whereby they differ from other bacteria:

(I) Their 16s rRNA molecules are similar to each other, but differ greatly from those of other bacteria and from eukaryotes

(2) Their walls do not contain peptidoglycan, but a range of other unique polysaccharides.

(3) Their cell membrane is of a single layer of glycero-hydro-carbon-glycerol chains instead of a bi layer of phospholipids arranged tail to tail.

(4) Their ribosomes are insensitive to chloramphenicol.

(5) They inhabit extreme environments.

They include the methanogens (the methane generating bacteria of anaerobic muds); the extreme red halophiles; the salt loving bacteria of saturated brine and salted fish; and the thermoacidophiles, found in hot sulphur spring or smouldering coal wastes.

It is suggested that they represent a very ancient lineage which diverged from the eubacteria very early in the evolutionary process, and have survived only in these specialised ecological niches.

The rickettsiae, chlamydiae and mycoplasmas also are prokaryotes. The rickettsiae and chlamydiae are intracellular parasites of eukaryotes. The rickettsiae are tiny rods that are transmitted by arthropods and that multiply only in living cells. The chlamydiae are among the smallest bacteria which were formerly considered viruses.

The mycoplasmas are the smallest organisms that can be cultivated outside living tissues. Some are involved in lung disorders.

There are some intracellular parasites of prokaryotes. This is a group of small, highly motile bacteria, that adhere to the wall of the host, penetrate through to the periplasm where they replicate, causing eventual lysis of cell. Organisms of this type are called bdellovibrios, and perhaps occur in soil.

The blue-green bacteria are typical prokaryotes. They evolve oxygen during photosynthesis and have chlorophyll a, a pigment also found in all algae. They are very ancient. They are perhaps major primary producers in the world's oceans, and many are ecologically important as fixers of atmospheric nitrogen.

Myxobacteria (also called fruiting bacteria) form fruit bodies, specialised multicellular structures like slime molds. Some cells at tips of fruit body produce cysts. They are most complex in behaviour and life cycle patterns found in prokaryotes.

 

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