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Soil Sickness

Soil Sickness
Apples, peaches, grapes, cherries and plums are prone to suffer from soil sickness if replanted in the same soil successively. They however, recover from sickness if replanted in new soils. The symptoms differ from plant to plant and the disease syndrome has been frequently reported from Ger­many, Canada and U.S.A. Such plant disorders may be attributed to nutri­tional deficiency, pathogenic microorganisms whose identity is yet to be established and phytotoxins secreted by roots of plants or by microbial decomposition of plant residues. A cumulative effect of one or more factors may also be responsible for the disease syndrome, in fruit orchards.

For example, the failure of peach cultivation in California and Ontario has been attributed to a phytotoxin produced by residues of a previous crop. The barks of roots of peach contain cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin in relatively low amounts and as such is not toxic to peach plants. The glycoside is converted to toxic components like benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide through the mediation of microorganisms in soil sup­porting the growth of peach plants. The hydrolysis of amygdalin has also been attributed to a soil nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) found in peach soils which secretes an enzyme.

In apple trees, one of the constituents of the bark is phloridzin which is broken down in soil to phloretin, phloroglucinol, p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid compounds which have been proved to be toxic to apple plants. Penicillium expansum, a normal fungal inhabitant of soil from apple plantations, produce patulin and an unidentified phenolic compound in media amended with apple residues. These compounds are also inhibitory to the growth of apple trees.

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