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Influenza

Influenza
This is an acute disease of the upper respiratory tract. The virus is a helical virion containing single stranded RNA and is enveloped. The envelope contains a series of projections, or spikes. These spikes contain the enzymes hemagglutinin which allows the virion to bind the red blood cells, and neuraminidase which dissolves the cell membrane during replication. Both enzymes are said to be antigens because they induce the body to form antibodies that neutralise the virion.

The hemagglutinin spike is composed of three sets of HAI and HA2 polypeptides. The neuraminidase spike consists of four NA polypep­tides. The nucleocapsid is segmented and gives the appearance of a double helix due to association of internal proteins (NPs' PI, P2, and P,) There are three distinct types of influenza virus: Types A and B cause worldwide epidemics called pandemics, and Type C, which occurs sporadically. Each type is known for its antigenic variation, a process in which changes occur in the protein structure of the capsid as well as in the hemagglutinin and neuram inidase.

This results into a myriad of variants that are unrecognised by the antibodies produced in previous infection. One therefore suffers innumerable cases of influenza. Also, this phenomenon prevents the development of an effective vaccine. The nomenclature for influenza viruses is derived from the changing antigenic pattern. Virologists name the viruses according to their type (A, B or C), the animal of origin if other than humans, the location of first isolation, the strain number, and the year of isolation.

It is thus common to see such names as A/Victoria/3/75 or A/Swine/ Wisconsin/I 5/30. Infection causes sudden chills, fatigue, headache, general aches and pains mainly in the back and legs. The fever may rise to 103°F - 104°F over a 24 hr period, with severe cough. Nose obstructs, throat becomes dry, chest tight. Transmission occurs usually by bits of respiratory mucus and salvia called droplets. There may be secondary bacterial infections - Streptococcus and Staphylococcus invading and damaging the epithelium.

 

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