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Measles Rubeola

Measles Rubeola
This is a highly communicable respiratory disease of children, whose symptoms develop on skin. Rubeola is derived from the Latin rube, meaning red indicating the red rash of the disease. In the beginning there is fever, coughing and sneezing, the most communicable phase of the disease.

As the virus localises in subcutaneous tissues, the skin breaks out in a blotchy rash. The rash begins behind the ears at the hairline, then covers the face and trunk.The first evidence of disease appears along the gums and on the wall of pharynx. There develop red patches with central white lesions

These occur concurrently with the fever and are known as Koplik spots, after the American physician, Henry Koplik who first described them. This is an important symptom.The virus is a helical RNA virion, closely related to the mumps and RS viruses. Average size is 125-250 nm (range 100-800 nm), nucleocapsid diam. 18nm, single stranded RNA of mol. wt. of 5-6 x 106 daltons. It contains envelope spikes with hemagglutinin, a factor used in identification by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. There are no neuraminidase spikes on envelope. Measles may lead to many complications.

Due to secondary infection of damaged epithelium of respiratory tract, bacterial pneumonia may also develop. There is also evidence that measle virus may be related to multiple sclerosis, diabetes and encephalitis. The earliest vaccine for measles was developed in 1954 from chemically inactivated viruses by John Enders and Thomas Peebles. It was, however, replaced in 1960s by another vaccine containing attenuated viruses. At present the children     are vaccinated after 15 months of age.

 

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