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Polio

Polio
This is one of the smallest known viruses. It has a diameter of about 27 -30 nm. It has single stranded RNA (mol. wt. 2.5 x 106 daltons Le. 7.7 Kb) with an icosahedral capsid. It multiplies rapidly in nerve cells, producing over 10,000 new particles during a single cycle of about six hours.

The virus enters the body through contaminated food or water. It first multiplies in the tonsils and the lymphoid tissues of gastrointestinal tract.

There may be influenza, nausea, vomitting, and intestinal cramps. Disease may end at this point. However, in some cases, it progresses, and the virus passes to the bloodstream. It then localises on the gray matter of the spinal cord.

The word polio is taken from the Greek polios meaning gray. Meningitis may occur and paralysis experienced the muscles of arms, legs, trunk and other areas controlled by spinal cord. This condition is often called aseptic meaningitis. The most serious form of polio, is the one in which the virus infects the stem of the brain, known as the medulla. This conditions is called bulbar polio, due to bulblike appearance of the medulla. The nerves of the upper body torso are affected.

Swallowing becomes difficult and paralysis occurs in the tongue, facial muscles and neck. Three types of polio virus are known to exist. Type I, the Brunhidle strain, causing a major number of epidemics and moderate cases of paralysis. Type II, the Lansing strain, occurring sporadically but inducing greatest percel1tage of paralytic cases. Type III, the Leon strain, also occurring sporadically but virus confined to intestine, rarely causing paralysis.

Jonas Salk and his group prepared in 1940s huge quantities of viruses and inactivated them with formaldehyde. The vrius was then injected into the body to produce antibodies. Albert Sabin and his group developed a vaccine containing attenuated viruses prepared by multiple passages through tissue cultures. This vaccine may be taken orally and is in current use. It produces more antibodies, providing a longer exposure to the virus due to low multiplication rate of viruses in intestine. Modem vaccines incorporate all three types of polio viruses, said to be trivalent.

 

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